Native American Indians Essay

Indian Nations ar independent g all everywherenments, recognized in and hundreds of treaties with the U. S. President. The history of this continents original inhabitants encompasses a broad range of cultures and experiences. the Statesn Indians varied greatly from region to region, as did their reactions to European settlement. This website will delve into the vast and storied background of tumefy-nigh federation of kinship groupss and seek to supply the visitors with as much knowledge as come-at-able about the proud history of inhering Americans.Please join us on this journey into the past, experience the demonstrate and dream about the afterlife of the American Indian. When Columbus landed on the island of San Salvador in 1492 he was welcomed by a brget-skinned multitude whose physical appearance confirmed him in his t ace that he had at last r individuallyed India, and whom, therefrom, he called Indios, Indians, a name which, withal mistaken in its prime(prenomina l) application continued to hold its own, and has enormous since won general acceptance, except in strictly scientific writing, where the to a greater extent exact term American is commonly apply.As exploration was extensive north and south it was found that the alike race was spread over the whole continent, from the Arctic shores to Cape Horn, everywhere alike in the principal(prenominal) physical characteristics, with the exception of the Eskimo in the extreme North, whose features suggest the Mongolian. Tribes and Nations indispensable Americans (American Indians) urinate up less than one percent of the total U. S. community provided represent half the languages and cultures in the nation.The term homegrown American includes over 500 different groups and reflects great diversity of geographic location, language, socioeconomic conditions, give instruction experience, and retention of traditional spiritual and cultural practices. However, near of the commercially bris k teaching materials available present a generalized image of Native American people with little or no regard for differences that go from phratry to tribe. Mohawk (Iroquois)The Iroquois League, or Five Nations of the Iroquois, was the about powerful Indian military alliance in the eastern part of North America and probably the most successful alliance of any kind between so macrocosmy important tribes. There were three principal clans deer, turtle and wolf existing within the five nations, and this was probably an important integrate factor in the league. The league was formed in the late 16th century at which time the five nations had a combined population of 7000.Mohican (Mohegan) and/or Mahican What a confusion of facts. After reading through with(predicate) some(prenominal)(prenominal) texts and visiting many sites on the web, it has become clear as grind to a halt that everyone has a differing opinion about the relationships between these three tribes. We will ther efore include them all on one page and maybe through your wanderings, you will discover the truth. If you do, please let us in on it. Creek The Creek were originally one of the dominant tribes in the mid-south and afterward became known as one of the Five Civilized Tribes.They were known in their own language as Muskoke or Muskoge, by the Shawnee as Humaskogi, by the Delaw be as Masquachki and by the British as the Ochese Creek Indians, hence the present name. Their name has been ad skilfuled for that of their linguistic group and for Muskogee, Oklahoma, which was a major(ip)(ip) city of the Creek Nation in Indian Territory. Cherokee The Cherokee were one of the spaciousst tribes in the southeastern unify States and were among the earliest to adapt to European civilization. Their name is written Tsalagi in their own language, and they were called Chalakki by the Choctaw, whose language was the language of trade in the Southeast.Southwest Navajo (Dineh, Navaho) The Navajo tribe is the largest in the United States, with some 200,000 people occupying the largest and area reserved for Native Americans 17 million acres in Arizona, Utah, and New Mexico. The leger Navajo derives from the Spanish word for people with big fields. At the time of the arrival of the washcloth man they had authentic agriculture, though on a smaller surpass than the near Hopi and Pueblo peoples. The Navajo were less sedentary than the Hopi and Pueblo tribes, that more so than the Apache of the same region. ZuniThe Zuni, like the Hopi, were linguistically distinct from the Pueblo tribes but cerebrate to them culturally. The three groups, Zuni, Hopi and Pueblo, had several(prenominal) important characteristics in common. First of all, they lived in pueblos (Spanish for village), which were a composite of adobe brick houses, frequently interconnected and occasionally multistoried, much like a ultramodern apartment complex. While each Pueblo tribe was associated with a single pu eblo, the Hopi and Zuni were each associated with several, and not all members of these tribes lived in pueblos.Hopi The Hopi, whose name comes from hopitu meaning the peaceful ones, are traditionally associated culturally with the Zuni and with eht Pueblo Indians. All of these people live in pueblos or cities comprised of a complex of sometimes jultistoried, rectangular houses. The name pueblo drives from the Spanish word for people. The Hopi are descendants of people who migrated into the Southwest prior to super acid BC. By 700 AD they had developed agriculture and were raising corn, beans, squash and cotton.By 1100 AD they had abandoned their aboriginal pit housed for multi-level adobe houses, and had founded cities at Oraibi and tabular array Verde. Yavapai From prehistoric times, the Yavapai lived as hunters and gatherers practicing occasional agriculture on over golf-club million acres of aboriginal and western Arizona. The three primary groups of Yavapai hold good relat ionships with each otherwise and are now located at Ft. McDowell, Camp Verde and Prescott. The Yavapai are known for weaving excellent baskets, which are displayed in many museums. ApacheThe Apache (from a Zuni word meaning enemy) are a North American Indian people of the Southwest. Their name for themselves is Inde, or Nde (the people). The major nomadic tribe in the American Southwest, the Apache, was overly the brave major tribe to surrender to government control in the mid-eighties Plains Kiowa The Kiowa name is derived from kai-gwa, meaning principal people, and legend has it that they originated in the Yellowstone River country of central Montana. In the eighteenth century, having obtained horses, they moved onto the plains to hunt buffalo.During this time they made alliances with twain the Kiowa-Apache as well as their former enemies, the Comanche. This latter association was the tail end for the Kiowa-Comanche Reservation formed in Indian Territory in 1892. The Kiowa a re noted for having unploughed a written history. This historical record was kept in the form of a pictographic calendar painted and updated doubly a year, in winter and summer, on buffalo skins. Pawnee (Pani, Pana, Panana, Panamaha, Panimaha) The Pawnee name may charter derived from Caddoan pariki, meaning horn, a reference to the peculiar manner inwhich the tribe wore the scalplock.The Paunee lived in established villages similar to those of the Mandan. They practiced agriculture but also hunted buffalo on the plains part of the year. They had a complex righteousness unrelated to other Plains tribes that included offering female captives as a sacrifice to ensure abundant crops. Comanche The Comanche are an offshoot of the Shoshone and one of several numanic speaking tribes. They are linguistically related to the Shoshone, Ute and Paiute, whose language is remotely related to Aztec.Their name comes from the Spanish camino ancho, which means wide trail. They once lived in the restive Mountains near the Shoshone, but migrated to the plains to hunt buffalo. Though they became nomadic Plains Indians, they still hold good relations with the Shoshone. Osage (Wazhazhe) Closely related to the Omaha, Kansa, Quopaw and Ponca, the Osage are thought to have once lived in the Ohio River valley, but they were prototypical encountered by the white man in Missouri, where they were recorded as having large cornfields.They usually lived in primer coat lodges, but when on hunting trips to the northern plains in search of buffalo, they carried and used the plains tipi. prominent Lakes Miami (Maumee, Twightwee) The Miami, whose name comes from the Chippewa omaumeg, or people who live on the peninsula, first came into contact with white men in 1658 near Green Bay, Wisonsin, but they soon withdrew to the manoeuverwaters of the Fox River and later to the enquirywaters of the Wabash and Maumee rivers. The Miami had good relations with the French, with whom they were allie d.They were also well associated with the Piankashaw, who were once thought to be part of the Miami tribe. Huron (Wyandot) The name Wyandot (or Wendat) is Iroquoian for people of the peninsula, a reference to a peninsula in sourthern Ontario eas of Lake Huron where they originally lived. Their population was estimated at 20,000 in 1615 when first encountered by the French under Samuel de Champlain, who referred to them as Huron (bristly- mountain passed ruffian). The first Wyandot groups inthe region probably arrived in the early fourteenth century.In admittance to maize, the Wyandot raised beans, squash, sunflowers and tobacco. Ottawa The name Ottawa is derived from the Algonquian adawe, meaning to trade, an apt name for the tribe, who had an active trading relationship with the related Chippewa and Potawatomi as well as other tribes of the region. Like the Chippewa, they built birch bark canoes and harvested nuts rice. Ottawa Chief Pontiac rose by 1755 as one of the most import ant Indian leaders of the era. Ojibwa (Chippewa)To end any confusion, the Ojibwa and Chippewa are not only the same tribe, but the same word pronounced a little differently due to accent. If an O is placed in preceding of Chippewa (Ochippewa), the relationship becomes apparent. Ojibwa is used in Canada, although Ojibwa west of Lake Winnipeg are sometime referred to as the Saulteaux. In United States, Chippewa was used in all treaties and is the official name. The Chippewas were the largest and most powerful tribe in the Great Lakes country, with a range that elongate from the edge of Iroquois territory in the Northeast to the Sioux-dominated Great Plains.Both of these major tribes were traditional Chippewa rivals, but neither was powerful enough to threaten the Chippewa heartland, where the Chippewa was master. The tribe used the lakes and rivers of the region like a vast highway network, and developed the birch bark canoe into one of the continents major means of transportation. Northwest Nez Perce Nez Perce is a misnomer given by the interpreter of the Lewis and Clark travel team of 1805. The French translate it as penetrate nose. This is untrue as the Nee-me-poo did not practice nose piercing or wearing ornaments. The pierced nose people lived on the lower Columbia River and throughout other parts of the Northwest. The famous indian chief and leader, Chief Joseph, was of the Nez Perce. Flathead (Salish) The Flathead, a subgroups of the Spokane tribes, were given their name from a custom common to many Salishan people of practicing head deformation by strapping their infants to hard cradleboards. This flattened the back of the head and made the top appear more round.The Flathead, conversely, did not practice head flattening, and therefore the tops of their heads were flatter than those of the other Salishan people, hence the name. Blackfoot (Siksika) The Blackfoot are one of the several numanic-speaking tribes, and were historically allied with the noma dic Atsina. Ther were the archetypal Plains Indians, for whom the buffalo provided well-nigh all their needs, from food to clothing to leather for their tipis. Shoshone (Shoshoni) The Shoshone were the most wide-ranging of the Great Basin tribes, with a habitat that stretched from the eastern Oregon desert to Confederate Colorado.They were closely related to the Bannock, Gosiute, Paiute and Ute, with whom they shared these lands and with shown there was a good train of intermarriage. Kwakiutl The Kwakiutl were one of the major tribes of the Northwest Coast and once encompassed other nearby tribes such as the Bella Bella, Kitimat, Makah and Nootka, with whom they are linguistically related. Their villages were typical of the Northwest Coast, with large cedar plank houses and intricately carved totem poles, representing the animals with whom a particular family energy be religiously associated.Works Cited Rebuilding Native American Communities by Don Coyhis & Richard Simonelli, Chi ld Welfare, Mar/Apr 2005 (15 pages). Native American Feminism, Sovereignty, and Social potpourri by Andrea Smith, Feminist Studies, Spring 2005 (17 pages). The Paradox of Native American Indian Intellectualism and Literature by Kathryn Winona Shanley, MELUS, Fall/Winter 2004 (20 pages). American Indian narration as Continuing Story by Peter Iverson, Historian, Fall 2004 (8 pages). Anti-colonial Strategies for the recuperation and Maintenance of Indigenous Knowledge by Leanne R.Simpson, American Indian Quarterly, spend/Fall 2004 (12 pages). Sovereignty The Rhetoric v. The Reality by Paul Boyer, tribal College Journal, Fall 2004 (4 pages). 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