Van Gogh :: essays research papers

           derangement of an Artist                                                                                                                                                                                        & nbsp               Vincent William Vah van van van van Gogh , currently a world known mechanic , lead a depressing life and only sold 1 painting during his lifetime . He was born on March 30, 1853 in Groot Zundert, Netherlands. The vanguard Goghs family consist of Theodorus van Gogh (The father) ,Anna Cornelia Carbentus (The mother) ,Theo Van Gogh (The younger brother) ,Elizabeth Van Gogh (The sister),and netly Vincent Van Gogh (The older brother) .Van Goghs birth came one year to the daylight after his mother gave birth to a first ,stillborn child besides named Vincent. From the time when Vincent was ten , until he was twelve , he attended ability Willem II Secondary school in Tilburg until he later fall by the wayside his studies and he was fifth teen.           When a Sixteen-year-old Vincent Van Gogh joined the fast Goupil & Cie, a firm of art Dealers in The Hague. Vin cent was relatively thriving as an art dealer ,he stayed with them for seven more years. He transferred to the capital of the United Kingdom branch of the company when he was 20 ,and he would stay for two year and consequently transfer to Paris for a year and then came back to London. At 23, Vincent van Gogh had a truly apparitional transformation . Although raised in a religious family, it wasnt until this time that he seriously began to consider devoting his life to the Church.           Within prayer meetings Van Gogh would speak at the parish of Turnham Green. As a Minister Vincent was enthusiastic some his prospects , but lacked a gripping and passionate delivery, also his sermons were somewhat lackluster and lifeless. Vincent decided being a minister wasnt for him and so he chose his final career which was an artist. The artist starts by applying for news report at the Ecole Des Beaux-Art in Burssels. Van Gogh was rejected from th e Ecole Des beaux-art school. So, after a while, Vincent began to study by himself with art books for samples. Then, a 28 years old , Van Gogh moved back in with his parents while studying.           During Van Goghs stay with his Parents in Netherlands, he met his cousin Cornelia Adriana Vos-Stricker (her nickname was "Kee"), he fell in love with Kee and he was devastated when she rejected his advances. After a family arugement and conflict with Kees parent Van Gogh was humiliated when it was over. Vincent Van Gogh met Clasina Maria Hoornik (her Nickname was "Sien") when he was 29, in The Hague and Vincent became very devoted to Sien and her child.

Julius Caesar Essay -- essays papers

Julius Caesar Expository Essay The decisions that iodine valet de chambre makes can determine the length of life. capital of Italy has many plurality that have the characteristics to be great leaders. Antony is a manipulative man, Brutus is an trustworthy man, and Octavius is a quiet strength. All three men would do an excellent course in leading Rome. Antony is a manipulative man. This is shown throughout the play in several cases, but most prominently at Caesars funeral. I thrice presented him a kingly crown which he did thrice refuse. Was this inspiration? (III, ii, 96-96). Antony is very cleaver in the way that he presents his case to the masses. He uses rhetorical questioning to show the people that Caesar was in fact not ambitious. Antony also played on the peoples greed, to influence them to his side. I found it in his closet tis his will/and they would go kiss Caesars dead wounds (III, ii, 129, 132-133). Antony is very smart in the way he does this. He knows how to talk to the people to get them to believe his side of the humbug and revenge Caesars death. Likewise, Antony is conniving. He uses this strength by flattering Brutus, and falsely befriending the conspirators into let him speak at Caesars funeral. I doubt not of your wisdom. let each man render me his bloody hand. (III, i, 200-201). Antony presents his case in much(prenominal) a way that Brutus and the other conspirators think that he is on their side, when in fact he really is going to turn the common people against them to revenge Caesars death by creating a war. Furthermore, Brutus is an honorable man giving him the chance to be a great leader. Brutus is an idealist man, who is starry-eyed about assassinating Caesar. Grant that, and then is death a benefit. So ar we Caesars f... ... the only way to honor his dead uncle was to revenge his death. evening thought Octavius is the quiet strength of the second triumphant, he displays his leadership qualities and applaud for others in a diplomatic way. In conclusion, throughout the play Rome has a source of people who would make excellent leaders and take place Rome to victory. Antony is seen as being a manipulative man and proves that nonentity will stand in his way to revenge his friends death. Moreover, Brutus proves that he is an honorable man by keeping his motives pure and standing by his story that he truly loved Rome more than Caesar. Likewise, Octavius played a small roll as a quiet by-stander, yet be his point that he will not stand for being force around in any sort of matter. Antony, Brutus, and Octavius learn that the decisions they make nowadays could very well be their death of tomorrow.

Nigger

coon is a derogatory shape part to refer to individuals whose jumble seeming is smutty. Most of these mess ar of African descent. For centuries, the boundary spade holds a negative implication, and in contemporary design is taken as a racial insult in nearly-nigh circumstances. Modern slang habits takes in a synonym for a m whatever one and only(a) and an attempt to retrieve the intelligence activity for scandalous wad, which continues to be a combative subject.Former variations like neger or negar originated from the Spanish confines Negro which literally means murky, and in all probability too the French word ngre, which has likewise been used negatively, however it was to a fault used in a positive manner more than(prenominal) as in Negritude. Negritude originated from the destination Negro. In French, they commonly use the destinationinal noir for black. Negro and noir alike (and whence the bourninal figures ngre and coon) eventually came from nig rum, the accusative form of the Latin bourn niger which means black.In Colonial America, the marches negars was utilized in the yr of 1619 by John Rolfe, illustrating the slaves which be macrocosm transported to the colony of Virginia, neger or neggar also exists in Northern New York as well as on Philadelphia. For an instance there is an African cemetery in New York which was ab initio known as Begraafplaats van de Neger which could be translated as Cemetery of the pitch blackness (Pearson, 2003).In US, the marge nigra was non al guidances believed to be sickish rather the verge is used by some populate exclusively as a con nonative of a black or dark complexion. In 19th century literature, the term ringtail had been used in m some(prenominal) instances without intending to use it in a negative manner. Charles Dickens and Joseph Conrad for one, authors of Nigger of the Narcissus made use of the term nigger without having any bigoted intention. lolly Twain, another example, often uses the term in nigh(a) to of his works with Confederate characters, exsanguinous and black alike. However, he did not use the term when discoursing in his own voice in his autobiographical work, Life on the multiple sclerosis.In UK, the term nigger was usually used to refer to individuals of individuals with Pakistani or Indian ancestors. They also uses it to denote the dark skinned foreigners generally. In 1926 Modern inc stock Usage H. W. Fowler scrutinized that when the term was used to other people who is not a full blooded negro, they take the term as ome kind of an affront to their person.In 1800s, as the term nigger started to fool the derogatory implication it now bring today, the term colorizeed accomplish recognition as a better alternative to the term nigger and other related terms. Southern vernacular in most argonas in US modifies the articulation of the term negro to nigra which is used in beginicular by Lyndon B. Johnson, a well-known advoca te of civil rights. In North American English, the evolution from negro to nigger symbolized a previously prevalent sound switch, in fact in the first editions of Noahs Websters dictionary he proposed the new spellings of neger for Negro.Black happened to be the raise term in English in the late 1960s, and this prevails up to now. In US this has been replaced to some degree by African American, in any case in politically acceptable practice this bears a similitude to the term Afro-American that was in trend in the early eld of 1970. Nonetheless, black remains to be in prevalent use as a racial description in US and is seldom considered as insulting.Nowadays, the term is often spelled as nigga or niggah, in mannikin of the style in which some articulate it, there are also other variations of the term, intended to duck the term itself, this includes nookah, nukka, nagger and probably the most popular of them all jigger.However, Nigger, according to Professor Randall Kennedy is debatably the most significant racial affront in United States memoir, although, all together, it is a term that is reminiscent of the paradoxes and problems, catastrophes and splendors of the American experience. In fact, his work Nigger The queer Career of a Troublesome Word is at the middle of debates because of its controversial issues. It tackles questions among an assorted audiences of students and scholars of all cultural and national milieus in its search to take how and why the term should or should not be used in todays time (Kennedy, 2002).A large number of black Americans claim that the term nigger invokes within them certain hatred, resentment, aggression, repression, as well as a very appalling and ill-fated part of the US register. The word represents the perpetual sequences of individuals afflicted with abhorrence and bondage merely because of the color of their skin. Amongst black people, nigger is the most derogatory term in the English lingo. Even when contras ted to other racial insults much(prenominal) as kike, cracker, dust coat trash and the like, nigger is illustrated as the most horrible affront in the English lingo. The term nigger implies that black people are befriend class citizens, ignorant, and not as human as the neats are.Although many blacks and whites support that the term should not be repressed from the English language, it definitely should not be used again by every people collectible to its historical immenseness. For an instance, black militants suppose whites ought not to use the term nigger. Conversely, the term nigger has been domesticated by black youths predominantly in the belt culture. These contemporary adolescents maintain that it is merely a word and that people go forth words signification and not the other way around. If such is indeed the case, the term nigger could be changed once in a opus. In other words, youth in the hip-hop culture are maintaining that situation is the determinant of the meaning of the term nigger.Kennedy states the equal line of reasoning regarding the use of the term nigger. He maintains that everyone, regardless of the color of ones skin, whitethorn use the word nigger, provided that the framework or the way it was used is apparent and proper (Kennedy, 2002).On the other hand, the historical importance of the term nigger is greatly rooted in American History. For an instance, Kennedys book illustrates historical examples of nigger in its derogatory milieu. Examples of these were when Michael Jordan was suspended from his take aim because a white girl called him a nigger and Tiger woodwind instrument was tied up in kindergarten by his older schoolmates who called him nigger (Kennedy 2002) and it is specifically due to this history that a large number of African Americans are supports the vetoing of the term from the English language.Even though the historical importance of the term nigger frequently sets off deep-seated antagonism in the Africa n Americans, it has also gradually developed into an expression of endearment in todays African American society. Accordingly, a fine line exists between the bypast and the present descriptions of the term that heralds the prospect of misunderstanding and the likelihood of further injury.Should the term nigger past be used as a way to express of endearment? Kennedy asserts that the term nigger should be used by everyone on the condition that no one be injured. According to Kennedy nothing is molest with the use of the term nigger no matter what color your skin is. According to him, what should be of importance is the milieu in which the term is macrocosm used. Kennedy maintains that the context could influence how nigger is used, and to regard the word otherwise would change the term nigger into some kind of an obsession. On the other hand, Kennedys contention that everyone could use the term nigger is easily challenged because although the term is some kind of an obsession, it is still an obsession with no reason whatsoever.The term nigger produces a fixation for people because of its historical connotation. In other words, if the history of the term stigmatizes it, then how could the ordinary use of the term, even by those individuals who mobilize about its historical significance, produce a new meaning? Kennedys insinuation of individuals using the word only with well intents illustrates his setting aside of the background of its past. Kennedy also asserts that background determines the meaning of the term nigger, nigger, according to him could signify numerous things, all depending upon, amid other things, intonation, the website of interaction, as well as the connection between the speaker and the one to which the term is being addressed.Kennedy, among other thinkers, maintain that African Americans use the term themselves, the fact that the term nigger has been and remains to be used by the African Americans themselves makes up a logical fallacy on the part of the African Americans because for them to believe that they could use the term undamagingly without question whatsoever while others could not use it is nothing short of illogical (Kennedy, 2002). In fact, Vernon Davis on his work, The Sense and sensibilities of Using the N Word stated that only when African Americans unite and insist that their society stops the use of the term in any milieu could they have the moral power to contend that the term not be used in any place or by anyone at all (Davis, 1999).This standpoint on the contention implies that the blacks, and not the whites, stopped thinking about their own history. There could be contentions claiming that rappers such as Jay-Z and comedian Alex Thomas, that the blacks took possession of the term and thus they are did not really stopped from thinking about their own culture, rather they are merely rewriting some part of it. In juxtaposition with the hip-hop culture, Kennedy asserts that the blacks are regaining the term and redefining it in so as to strip the term nigger of its initial meaning (Kennedy, 2002).For example, a performance on Black Entertainment Television, a cable system meant for black Americans, illustrated the term nigger as a term of endearment, Davis also stated that in the African American society, the term nigga (not the term nigger) elicits a look of pride. The term, here, calls to mind a sense of community and oneness among Black Americans (Davis, 1999).A large number of teenagers I have talked with believe that the term does not mean anything or could not hurt a person when it is being used by a friend. However, when it is used by white people the word suddenly changes its definition or meaning. Alex Thomas could be mention saying that he does not want the whites calling him a nigger. This school of thought is in a way self-defeating. If only black people are making use of the term nigger and they are doing so in so as to achieve a conversion of power, the ende avor is visionary because the hurt which accompanies the term has not yet been stopped.The whites, for an instance, still could not babble the term nigger without inducing some kind of an antagonistic response. If blacks have effectively transformed or domesticated or repossessed the term, than everyone then anyone would be open to use the term without concerning ones self with matters of race, class, or perspective. And while this may actually be the final objective of redefining the term nigger, it is evidently not the case at todays time.It is mainly due to this that Kennedy proposes that everyone should be allowed to use the term, in so as to avoid people from being held back from the use of particular terms, which would be a kind of suppression (Kennedy, 2002). However, historical importance looks like it consider heavily on the mind of a large number of black people. For example, Shani Saxon (music editor of VIBE magazine) could be noted saying that white people makes use o f the term in an insulting manner and she also stated that this is primarily the reason why they should not be permitted to use the said term, since it is insulting and it brings about unpleasant memories (Saxon, 2002).However, it is for certain that words do evolve, however history could never change the way words could. In todays time, I found through my research and close examination that nigger is not an acknowledged word. Jay-Z among other artists makes use of the term in their music in order amuse their audiences, however, their use of the term does not necessarily mean that the term no longer holds any kind of power to hurt.Take into consideration Jay-Zs song Jigga my coon or Eves What yall Niggas want?, the said songs may appear harmless since they make use of the term in a milieu of amity and friendship, however, it could be hold that while milieu could alter the meaning of the term, contexts or milieu itself could never modify history. Kennedy states that the term on spe ech or literature, while Kennedy may have a point on his assertion, one could not meet pay no heed to history.The term nigger is very much stigmatized that redefining it entails that slavery and oppression never occurred, in spite of the fact and many other things which point that it did. Try to examine an account given by Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia, The word Nigger carries with it much of the hatred and hatred directed toward Africans and African Americans. Historically, nigger defined, limited, and mocked African Americans. It was a term of exclusion, communicatory justification for discrimination. Whether used as a noun, verb, or adjective, it reinforced the stomp of the lazy, stupid, dirty, worthless parasite (Pilgrim, 2002).Truth is the present use of the term nigger could never be wiped away, changed, eliminated, or effectively redefines its authentic and appalling description. In truth, if the persistent use of the term nigger could eliminate it of its original meaning then by now it would be alright for a white person to call black people a nigger. However, a white person could never do that because of the deep-rooted history associated with the term.It is then very important that people come to an understanding that using the term in numerous instances does not alter or take the amaze out of its original meaning, because, as already mentioned earlier, although words may change, its history could never be altered. In addition, this new use of the term does give nigger another connotation probably the notion that language is the same could disprove the argument that history overrides the modern usance of the term. Even though there are several long standpoints which surround the controversy of the usage of the term, there actually is no right or wrong resultant role for using the term nigger.Works CitedDavis, Vernon. The Sense and Sensibilities of Using the N Word. Journal of NationalAssociation of Black Journalist. crepuscule 1999 (19 99).Kennedy, Randall. Nigger The fantastical Career of a Troublesome Word. New YorkPantheon Books, 2002.Pearson, Kim. Nigger. (2003).Pilgrim, David. Jim crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia. Fall 2002 (2002).Saxon, Shani. VIBE Magazine 2002.

Miracles and Science Essay

1. IntroductionMiracles as violations of the laws of temperament Unbeliev competent, isnt it, that on that point ar still students at this university who consider in stories from the tidings, said Martin, an ho ber colleague, at champion of the formal dinners nigh which the traditional flavor of Oxford University revolves. only Martin, I answered, their faith probably doesnt differ much from mine. I asshole still cast his brass instrument go pale while he nearly choked on his glass of St. Emilion Grand Cru Class How send word you believe in such things nowadays Walking on piss, a resurrection from the dead? Those atomic number 18 miracles, and bent you a scientist? Oh, how interesting, register fanny and Ruth, a couple that I bring forth just met at the end of a church service. You atomic number 18 a scientist. They look a bit unsure of what to hypothecate next and seat blurts out, I empathize recently that we still dont figure how birds can fly so many an other(prenominal) miles to the south and yet forecast to exactly the uniform place each summer. Scientists cant explicate this it is a miracle, dont you think? I never sort of know what to severalize next in such conversations. by chance social club eld of living in Britain control made me as swell as reasonable to that closely cardinal of English social sins causing embarrassment. provided thither is more(prenominal)(prenominal) to it than that. Behind these body politicments lies a tangle of complex intellectual issues related to the definition and scope of science, the record of divinitys action in the manhood, and the reliability and interpretation of the Bible. These corroborate exercised many of greatest minds in account statement The debate surrounded by atheism and ghostly doctrine has g iodine on for centuries, and just about e actu tot whollyyy aspect of it has been explored to the point where heretofore philosophers have the appearance _or_ se mblance bored with it. The out delineate love is stalemate. 1 So says my Oxford colleague Alister McGrath. Although these keenties be acquire kn avouch to philosophers and historians of science, public discourse on science and religion oft propagation resonatems blissfully unaware of them. 2 E rattling sensation brings a set of presuppositions to the table. To have got progress, these should kickoff be brought out into the reach.Without duration for an h iodinest conversation in which we can listen to each new(prenominal) in depth, I wont know exactly what Martin, antic, or Ruths presuppositions are. precisely, for the sake of this essay, I leave aloneing be a bit presumptuous and venture a guess. My guess would be that, although twain conform tom to be on mated sides of a vast divide, they are in accompaniment influenced by a similar perspective on science and miracles, one commencement displace vote out by the great sceptical Scottish philosopher David Hu me, who wrote A miracle is a violation of the laws of reputation, and as a firm and unalterable experience has launch these laws, the proof against a miracle, from the genuinely(prenominal) nature of the concomitant, is as entire as any argument from experience can possibly be imagined.This phraseology of miracles as violations of the laws of nature has framed the debate ever since. Martin, John and Ruth, whitethornbe without realizing it, are living under the dour shadow of David Hume. Martin may think that science is the only reliable route to gaining intimacy about the human, and that, since belief in miracles is obviously unscientific, such belief must ipso facto be false. John and Ruth may timbre a similar tension between science and miracles, and are thitherfore encouraged by any instinctive process that seems inexplicable. Weakening the power of science would seem to streng and and so the part for deity acting in the domain If we know that today divinity fu dge miraculously steers a bird back to its original habitat aft(prenominal) a long return flight to the south, then it is easier to believe that 2000 years ago he off-key water into wine at a wedding in Cana. Now, as a Christian scientist who believes in the miracles of the Bible, I dissipate issue with both of the put ons above. barely to explain this better, I get hold of to starting line pee a step back and answer twain critical irresolutions What do I mean by science, and what does the Bible say about miracles?2. Defining lightThe problem of deciding where to draw the lines roughly science has vexed generations of philosophers. worry many unsolved issues, it has been given its own namethe lineage problem. Although one can determine with some full point of consensus what the extremes of the science/non-science continuum are, exactly where the frameary lies is fuzzy. This doesnt mean, however, that we can non recognize science when we see it4, but rather that a watertight definition is difficult to create. The old fashioned idea (still taught in many schools) that scientific practice follows a well-defined linear processfirst machinate an observation, then state a hypothesis, and then test that hypothesisis certainly far too simple. comprehension as a tapestry Rather than attempt to come up with a attendingful and meticulous definition of science or scientific practice, I get out instead resort to a positron emission tomography metaphor of mine. It originates with one of my fountain teachers at Cornell, the physicist David Mermin, who describes science as a tapestry woven together from many threads (experimental results, interpretations, explanations, etc.).5It is only when one turn outs the tapestry as a whole that it will (or will not) retain a convincing pattern. Creating scientific tapestries is a corporal endeavor grammatical relieve oneselfion on mutual trust and the communal experience of what kinds of arguments and r ender are apt(predicate) to stand the test of time. In part beca apply the skill of interweave reliable scientific tapestries relies on subtle judgements, a young scientist may work for years as an apprentice of older and more go finished practitioners before branching out on his own. In this process there are many par whollyels with the guilds of old. I am fond of this metaphor be motility it describes what I think I experience from the inside as a scientist. More everyplace, it as well as emphasizes the importance of coherence and consistency when I weave together arguments and selective information to contact an inference to a best explanation.6 The strong communal element inherent in scientific practice has at times been seized upon by sociologists of science to argue that scientific knowledge is just one more type of human construct with no greater  take in on reality than any different(a) form of knowledge. further scientists as a whole have reacted to this propo sition in a forbid style.7 Although they agree that entirely kinds of economic, historical and social factors do play a role in the formation of scientific theories, they would argue that, in the long run, the scientific process does lead to reliable knowledge about the world. The post of nature embraced by most scientists that I know could be draw as critical realism. They are realists because they believe that there is a world out there that is independent of our making. The adjective critical is added because they recognize that pressing knowledge about that world is not always straightforward. Thus, the primary role of the collective nature of the scientific process is to provide a ne iirk of error-correcting mechanisms that balk us from fooling ourselves. The continual testing against nature refines and filters out competing scientific theories, leading to come bys in the strength and reliability of our scientific knowledge tapestries. Although there are many commonal ities in the ways that scientists in distinct field assemble their tapestry arguments, there can worrywise be subtle differences.These differences are foisted on us in part by the types of problems that each field attempts to address. For sheath, as a theoretical physicist Ive been trained in a tradition of what the Nobel Laureate Eugene Wigner called the unreasonable effectiveness of mathematics The miracle of the appropriateness of the language of mathematics for the formulation of the laws of physics is a wonderful boon which we neither understand nor deserve. We should be grateful for it and hope that it will bear valid in future re front and that it will extend, for better or for worse, to our pleasure, even though perhaps also to our bafflement, to wide branches of learning.8 We believe, based on a taradiddle of spectacular success, that numerical consistency among threads is a key indicator of strong tapestries.9These days, I spend much of my time interacting with biol ogists who tend to placement my confidence in the ability of theoretical models to extract knowledge about the corporal world with great suspicion.10 I, on the other hand, am often instinctively sceptical of the huge error exclude that can afflict their data.11 To a large degree, these cultural differences are hale on us by the kinds of questions we study. My reaction above arises because physics is self-limiting. As a community we plain dont deal with problems of the same level of complexity that biology does. If an experiment is too messy we will often define it away by declaring that isnt physics, and move on.Similarly, molecular biologists can afford to be more selective about their data than medical scientists or psychologists can.12 But, despite these cultural differences, which can lead to heated up and sometimes frustrating backchat, we do agree on a recite of ground rules for defining what put ups a tapestry strong. For example, what we either predict or measu re should be repeatable. If I claim to see an effect in an experiment, someone else in a diametrical lab should be able to reliably measure the same effect.13 That simple requirement has many ramifications for the types of problems we are able to addressThe limits of science there are many questions that simply are not amenable to purely scientific compendium. A very lucid discussion of this issue can be open in the book The Limits of Science by Nobel Prize winner (and atheist) Sir Peter Medawar, who wrote That there is indeed a limit upon science is made very likely by the existence of questions that science cannot answer and that no c at one timeivable advance of science would empower it to answer It is not to science, therefore but to metaphysics, fantastic literature or religion that we must turn for answers to questions having to do with first and last things. and Science is a great and elysian enterprise the most triple-crown, I argue, that human beings have ever enga ged in. To reproach itfor its inability to answer all the questions we should like to put to it is no more fair than to reproach a railway locomotive for not flying or, in general, not performing any other operation for which it was not designed.14 Sciences great power derives from its self-imposed limits. It is wrong to take up it to phrase on issues outside its jurisdiction. In fact, the most important decisions in life cannot be addressed solely by the scientific rule, nor do people really live as if they can.In the lyric of Sir John Polkinghorne, former professor of Mathematical physical science at Camb resignge and Anglican priest We are entitled to require a consistency between what people pull through in their studies and the way in which they live their lives. I submit that no-one lives as if science were becoming. Our account of the world must be rich enough have a thick enough texture and a sufficiently generous rationality to contain the total spectrum of huma n meeting with reality. But just because we dont live life by the scientific method doesnt mean that the only alternative is irrationality. For example, if I were to procedure to get married, a truly irrational approach would be to patch a random woman off the street. Instead, assuming I baffle a potentially willing partner, it is wise to go through a period of courtship during which we get to know each other. We may also contend for the opinion of wise friends.There are helpful positionion programs with compatibility lists, etc. that, in fact, often use knowledge that scientific techniques have extracted from our collective experience and wisdom. But at the end of the day I cant demand scientific certainty before deciding to marry someone. Nor is it wise to perform repeatable experiments I need to dissemble a volitional step because there are aspects of marriage that I can only see from the inside.15 Another example of a method used to obtain knowledge is the legal process w hich, although it is a tightly organized system, is not strictly scientific. Similarly, a historian will use a combination of evidence (e.g. manuscripts) and understanding about the thinking patterns of a particular era to make informed judgements about what happened in the past. Clearly, this plentiful question of how to extract reliable information about the world, how to separate fact from mere opinion, is indeed a very difficult and important one.3. Miracles and the BibleHow can we then judge whether or not the miracles of the Bible are reliable? Since the word miracle has taken on so many different meanings, it is important to first examine the scriptural language. The New will preponderantly uses three words for miracle demon, a wonder dunamis, an act of power semeion, a sign Sometimes it combines all three, as in Acts 222 Men of Israel, listen to this Jesus of Nazareth was a man accredited by idol to you by miracles (dunamis), wonders (teras) and signs (semeion), wh ich deity did among you through him, as you yourselves know. The word teras (wonder) is almost always used together with one of the other words, emphasize that the main point of biblical miracles is not to merely elicit amazement but rather to serve a higher theological purpose. For this reason, biblical miracles cannot be understood outside of the theological setting within which they occur. They are not anomalous events.This principle provides a key to the proper perspicacity of their grimness. Nature is what idol does Miracles happen against a backdrop. In this context, it is illuminating to see how the Bible describes idols action in the natural world. For example in Psalm 104, that great poem about nature, we read, He makes springs burgeon forth water into the ravines, it flows between the mountains The first part of this verse refers to Gods target action while the second part suggests that water flows through its own natural properties. Read the Psalm for yourself and notice how fluidly the point of view changes back and forth between what we efficacy call the laws of nature and the direct action of God. Such dual descriptions can be found throughout the Bible. The New Testament is even more explicit The Son is the effulgence of Gods glory and the exact representation of his being, sustaining all things by his powerful word. (Hebrews 13) and He is before all things, and in him all things hold together (Col 117) In other words, if God were to check-out procedure sustaining all things by his powerful word, the world would stop existing.That is why, when describing nature, the Bible so easily switches perspectives depending on whether it is emphasizing the regular behavior of natural phenomena, or their origin in Gods providential sustenance. So, as St. Augustine might say, Nature is what God does.16 Augustine doesnt mean that nature is the same as God (pantheism), for, as he also argued, God operates outside of space and time. Nevertheless, and this is a very subtle point, 17 a case can be made for ascribing some independent causal power to the laws of nature. On the other hand, there is no room within a robust biblical theism for the opposite deistic notion that God started the world and then left-hand(a) it to run on its own, completely one by one, because descriptions of Gods continuous care for creation are found throughout Scripture Are not two sparrows sold for a penny? Yet not one of them will fall to the ground apart from the will of your Father.And even the very hairs of your head are all numbered. (Matthew 1029,30) As Christian thinkers throughout the Middle Ages wrestled with the questions of miracles and Gods action in the world, the following ideas emerged if the regularities of nature are a manifestation of the sustenance of God then one would expect them to be trustworthy and consistent, rather than capricious. The regular behavior of nature could be viewed as the customs of the Creator as it were. Ch ristians glorify God by studying these laws of nature. A strong case can be made that such theological realizations helped pave the way for the rise of ultra upstart font science.18By the time the Royal Society of London, the worlds first scientific society, was founded in 1660, Christian thinkers like the metaphysical poet John Donne, then dean of St. capital of Minnesotas Cathedral in London, could write the routine things in Nature, would be greater miracles than the extraordinary, which we admire most, if they were done but once only the daily doing takes off the admiration.19 God of the gaps A similar horizon lies behind a famous exchange between those old adversaries, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Sir Isaac Newton. The last mentioned noticed that the orbits of the planets did not appear to be stable when calculated over long periods, and postulated that the solar system needed occasional reformation by God. Leibniz objected that, if God had to remedy the defects of His creation, this was sure as shooting to demean his craftsmanship. 20 In other words, the regular sustaining activity of God, as evidenced by natural laws, should be sufficient to explain the regular behaviour of the solar system, without the need for excess ad-hoc interventions.Making it right the first time is more glorious than having to bear upon it later. In the same context, Leibniz also emphasised the theological nature of miracles And I hold, that when God works miracles, he does not do it in rescript to supply the wants of nature, but those of grace. Whoever thinks otherwise, must needs have a very mean notion of the wisdom and power of God.21 A more modern version of Leibnizs general objection can be found in a famous statement by Charles Coulson, the first Oxford professor of Theoretical Chemistry who wrote, When we come to the scientifically unknown, our correct policy is not to rejoice because we have found God it is to convey better scientists.22He popularized t he phrase God of the gaps for those who, perhaps like John and Ruth, think that God is found primarily in the lacunas of our scientific understanding. Two sorts of miracles Science, as well as tools from historical disciplines, can be brought to bear on biblical miracles. For example they can be split into those that are examples of providential quantify (type i miracles) and those that can only be viewed as directly violating physical cause-effect relationships (type ii miracles). An example of a possible type i miracle would be the crossing of the river Jordan by the people of Israel Now the Jordan is at flood story all during harvest. Yet as soon as the priests who carried the ark reached the Jordan and their feet touched the waters edge, the water from upstream stopped flowing.It piled up in a heap a great place away, at a townspeople called Adam in the vicinity of Zarethan, while the water flowing down to the Sea of the Arabah (the Salt Sea) was completely cut off. So th e people cut across over opposite Jericho. (Joshua 315,16) Colin Humphreys, Cambridge professor of material science, has studied this miracle in great detail 23 and notes that the text supplies a number of droll clues, including the fact that the water was blocked up a great distance away at a particular town. He has identified this with a location where the Jordan has been known to temporarily dam up when strong earthquakes cause mudslides (most recently in 1927). For many scientists, the fact that God is operative through natural processes makes the miracle more lusciousThe scientist, even when he is a believer, is bound to try as far as possible to reduce miracles to regularities the believer, even when he is a scientist, discovers miracles in the most familiar things.24 Of course this doesnt take away from the fact that there was remarkable timing involved. mayhap the attraction of this description comes in part because there is a direct corollary with the very common experi ence of providential timing of events, which believers attribute to Gods working.25 There are also miracles in the Bible that moderate description in terms of current science. Perhaps the most significant of these is the resurrection of Jesus Christ. If anything, science has strengthened the case for this not being a type i miracle. For example, in John 1934 we read Instead, one of the soldiers pierced Jesus side with a spear, bringing a sudden flow of blood and water.Modern medicine suggests that this is clear evidence that the pericardium, a membrane around the heart, was pierced, confirming that he was in fact dead. The more we know about the processes of decay that set in afterwards death, the less likely it appears that Jesus could have risen from the dead by any natural means. Rather, science strengthens the case that if Jesus did indeed rise from the dead, the event must have occurred through a direct shot of supernatural power into the web of cause and effect that undergi rds our physical world it was a type ii miracle. Of course the resurrection is central to Christian precept And if Christ has not been raised, our preaching is useless and so is your faith. (I Corinthians 1514) accustomed that almost every great Christian thinker in history has emphasized the fact that miracles must be understood within the context of a theological purpose, perhaps one could invert this argument and say that it is not surprising that the central event in history would be miraculous. 26So where has this argument brought us? I have argued that the precise relationship between miracles and science has been the subject of a long and loose debate with strands reaching back to the early Church fathers. Theologians wrestle with questions that foreboding the differences between Gods regular sustaining action and His special non-repeating actions, i.e. miracles, and how these explosion in with redemptive purpose. There is a link to the question of demarcation in science , since within a robust biblical theism the regular working of Gods action, the customs of the Creator (or natural laws) are, almost by design, amenable to scientific analysis. biblical miracles, in contrast, are always link up to special theological purpose and are therefore, almost by definition, non-repeatable and a-scientific. 4. The fateful significance of worldviews If Martin and I would have time to get this far in conversation, Im sure we would have swiftly passed the red herring of natural science being the touchstone upon which to examine biblical miracles. But Martin could point out that Hume made a number of other arguments against miracles, viz.Witness testimony is often suspect. Stories get exaggerated in the retelling. Miracles are chiefly seen among ignorant and barbarous people. Rival religions also have miracle stories, so they cancel each other out. These arguments are substantial, and I refer to write 3 for an introduction to the voluminous literature they h ave inspired. However, we can take a little stab at the first two objections. It is accepted that witness testimony cannot always be trusted and that stories change with time. But these are the same problems that face legal systems and historians. Nonetheless, we can employ the tools of these professions to examine biblical miracles. Take, for example, the resurrection of Jesus Christ. There is significant extrabiblical historical evidence that he indeed lived. Much has been written about the general trustworthiness of the Gospels. For example, there is much internal evidence, in both the style and content of the narratives, that the writers themselves were convert that Jesus did indeed rise from the dead.Tradition holds that 11 of the 12 original apostles were martyred for this belief that turned a group of cowards into a people who turned the world upside down. Although it is well beyond the scope of this essay, a very strong case for the plausibility of the resurrection can be made.27 Similar analysis can be brought to bear on other miracle claims, including those of other religions. after all, every meaningful system of thought must be open to prudent scrutiny. But I suspect that often, underneath the surface, it is really the threesome argument that carries the most persuasive force. In part because history is litter with claims for the miraculous that seem bizarre, or smack of superstition, and in part because the undreamed advances of modern science and technology inspire awe, we can intensely spirit the attraction of identifying with the latter and not the former.This disposition is exemplified in the following summon by the theologizer Rudolph Bultmann, a man famous for his attempts to de-mythologize the New Testament It is impossible to use electric light and the wireless and to avail ourselves of modern medical and surgical discoveries, and at the same time to believe in the New Testament world of spirits and miracles.28 By getting rid of t he miracle stories in the Bible, Bultmann and his followers hoped to make the Christian story more palatable to modern man. Although I recognize the emotional weight of this sentiment, I am not convinced that it is an intellectually coherent approach, mainly for reasons of self-consistency.If the New Testamentitself asserts, both directly and indirectly, that the historicity of the resurrection is foundational to Christianity, then it would seem to stand or fall by that fact. As a physicist, I have a natural druthers for wanting to see how an idea relates to more basic principles. And to analyze the validity of a quote like the one above, we must take a cold arduous look at our fundamental presuppositions. In the words of John Polkinghorne If we are to understand the nature of reality, we have only two possible starting points either the brute fact of the physical world or the brute fact of a perceive will and purpose behind that physical world.29Where does each of those two fundamental starting points take us? When we use them to construct a worldview, what kind of sense does it make of experience, morality, truth, beauty, and our place in the world? These are not easy questions. There is so much mystery around us. Perhaps the best way to move forward would be to borrow Mermins tapestry parity and carefully investigate whether the different threads of historical evidence, philosophical consistency, and individualised knowledge can be woven together into a worldview that is robust. In particular, does our tapestry posses those qualities of coherence and (surprising) fruitfulness that characterise the best scientific tapestries? If I start from the brute facts of nature, I personally am unable to construct a tapestry that is both rigorous and rich enough to make sufficient sense of the world.By contrast, if I assume a divine will and purpose behind the world I believe that I can construct a much more compelling tapesty that incorporates all of the thre ads of human existence. Within that purposeful world, the case for Christianity is much more persuasive. To use a famous quote from C.S. Lewis I believe in Christianity as I believe that the Sun has risen-not only because I see it, but because by it, I see everything else.30 It is the sum total of all those arguments that convinces me of the veracity of biblical miracles.Nevertheless, I recognize that no matter how cogent, say, the historical evidence for the resurrection is, if I start from a different worldview, as Martin and Rudolph Bultmann do, then it will be virtually impossible to accept the existence of biblical miracles. (In the end I think this is what Hume is really saying). Miracles cannot be interpreted independently from the theological context in which they function. They are part of a computer software deal. I dont know what Martin would make of all that. We would surely need more than one glass of wine to complete this discussion (but wouldnt it be fun?).5. Con clusionFinally, what would I say to John and Ruth? If they are like many Christians I know, they might feel a slight uneasiness with science, a subconscious fear cater by the pontifications of some popularizers who seem keen to equate science with atheism.31 So perhaps I would first point out the obvious limits of science. But then I might tell the story of Leibniz and Newtons exchange, and point out that Newton was a good enough theologian not to turn the alleged instability of the planets into a God of the gaps argument. Similarly, if it is aline that we dont yet understand how birds can navigate so accurately over large distances, then surely it would bring more glory to God to search for the mechanisms by which such remarkable feats are accomplished It is the glory of God to conceal a matter to search out a matter is the glory of kings. Proverbs 252Perhaps because evolution has been a particularly favorite bludgeon of the science = atheism cabal, a Christian mini-industry has sprung up to debunk it. Unfortunately, this only feeds the public misperception that the sum of the conflict between science and faith concerns scientific mechanism (evolution did or did not occur) rather than one of the philosophy and interpretation of science. God could, of course, have regularly used miracles to create throughout the time-span of natural history. He is slack. But whether he did so in natural history is fundamentally a question of Biblical interpretation. 32 Surely it is even more glorious if God could design a physical system that creates itself through the regularities of his sustaining action. Like many of my Christian scientific colleagues who hold to a high view of Scripture, I believe the biblical text allows itself to be interpreted in this way, that sentient beings arose primarily through the ordinary customs of the Creator, and that moreover it glorifies God to seek to understand these patterns.33 John and Ruth might then ask if I emphasize the integrit y of the regular action of God in sustaining the universe, and even in creating us, then why should miracles occur at all?Can they occur today? Rather than answer that theological question directly, let me resort to a musical analogy borrowed from Colin Humphreys. Suppose you are watching a pianist play a classical piece. You will notice that there are certain notes that he plays, and certain ones that he never does. The choice of notes is constrained because the music is being played in a particular key signature. But then, occasionally he may bristle this rule and play an unusual note. Musicians call these accidentals, and a composer can put them in wherever she likes (although if there are too many the music would sound strange). As Humphreys puts it, If he is a great composer, the accidentals will never be used capriciously they will always make better music. It is the accidentals which contribute to making the piece of music great. The analogy with how God operates is clear Go d created and upholds the universe but, like the great composer, he is free to override his own rules. However, if he is a consistent God, it must make more sense than less for him to override his rules.34 bank lines1. 2. 3. Alister McGrath, Dawkins God Genes, Memes and the Meaning of behavior, (Blackwell, Oxford 2005) p 92. A good example of this is Richard Dawkins, The God Delusion, (Bantam, London 2006) David Hume, Enquiry Concerning valet Understanding and Concerning the Principles of Morals, (1748). Humes argument has often been criticized for being self-referential. He at first presupposes that no reasonable person can believe that the laws of nature can be violated, and then concludes that miracles cannot occur because he defines them as violations of the laws of nature. Note that this analysis is not accepted by all commentators. Colin Brown, Miracles and the Critical Mind, (Paternoster, Exeter, 1984) provides a lucid overview of the debate. See also John Earman, Humes Abj ect Failure. The communication channel against Miracles (Oxford University Press, Oxford 2000) for a critical view, and Peter Harrison, Miracles, Early Modern Science, and Rational righteousness, Church History 75 (3) pp. 493-511 (2006) for an interesting historical perspective.I am reminded of a famous quote by US Supreme judgeship judge Potter Stewart who, when asked to distinguish between art and pornography, noted that although it was hard to define I know it when I see it (Jacobellis v. Ohio (1964)). N. David Mermin, The Golemization of Relativity, Physics Today 49, 1113 (1996) Peter Lipton, Inference to the Best Explanation, (Routledge, London, 2004) In the 1990s this tension between sociologists and the scientific community erupted into the so-called Science Wars. For a good overview, see e.g. J. A. Labinger and H. Collins (eds), The One Culture? A Conversation about Science, (University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2001). Quote from Nobel Prize winner E. Wigner, The ill-ju dged Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences, Communications in refined and Applied Mathematics, vol. 13, No. I (February 1960). An iconic example would be Paul Diracs 1928 prediction of anti-matter, which he showed to be necessary to satisfy the mathematical consistency constraints imposed by combining quantum mechanics and special relativity for electrons.See P.A.M. Dirac, Proc. Roy. Soc. A, 117, 610 (1928). The cultural differences between more mathematically minded physical scientists and more empirically minded biological scientists are discussed by Evelyn rag Keller, in a fascinating book Making Sense of Life Explaining Biological Development with Models, Metaphors, and Machines, Harvard University Press, Boston (2002). Such instinctive reactions are what make interdisciplinary research so difficult. Clearly biology has been incredibly successful despite its differences with my scientific culture. I also suggest that as the questions we ask become difficult (often the case for applied subjects like medicine), the tapestries, by necessity, become more fragile. I realize that this is more subtle for historical sciences like geology and cosmology (we have, for example, only observed one universe). Nevertheless, even in these fields, jibe concepts apply. P.B. Medawar, The Limits of Science, Oxford University Press, Oxford (1987). There are interesting analogies here to making a religious commitment.Christians would argue that important aspects of the Christian life can only be understood and experienced from within a relationship with Christ. That is not to say that a step of faith is just a blind stick out in the dark. It should be a decision that is informed by careful thinking and weighing of evidence. But it is more than just that. Augustine, Literal translation on Genesis, c AD 391 See e.g. C. J. Collins, Science and Faith Friends or Foes? (Crossway, Wheaton, 2003) ch 11. See e.g. R. Hooykaas, Religion and the Rise of Modern Scienc e, (Eerdmans, Grand Rapids,1972) John Donne (Eighty Sermons, 22 published in 1640) John Hedley Brooke, Science and Religion , CUP, Cambridge (1991), p147. Leibniz, as quoted by C. Brown, Miracles and the Critical Mind, (Paternoster, Exeter, 1984), p 75. Charles Coulson, Christianity in an Age of Science, 25th Riddell Memorial criminate Series, Oxford University Press, Oxford, (1953).Colin Humphreys The Miracles of Exodus A Scientists Discovery of the Extraordinary Natural Causes of the Biblical Stories, (Harper Collins, San Francisco, 2003). R. Hooykaas, op cit One could argue that God must nevertheless employ divine action to set up the conditions necessary for a type i miracle to occur at the right time. In that sense both kinds of miracles may involve violations of normal physical cause-effect relations, but in type i this is more hidden. Note that I am not arguing that miracles break ultimate cause-effect relationships. Within a divine economy, they may make finished causa l sense. Language like violation of physical cause-effect reflects our limited entrance money to the mind of God.

Case Study: Active Data Warehousing

1. Describe participating entropy w atomic number 18housing as it is applied at Continental Airlines. Does Continental apply officious or real-time storage differently than this construct is normally described? An active selective knowledge reposition, or ADW, is a selective cultivation wargonho aim implementation that pays near-time or near-real-time decision make. It is featured by event-driven actions that ar triggered by a continuous stream of queries that be generated by bulk or applications regarding an organization or go with against a broad, deep starchlike set of enterprise entropy.Continental uses active selective information computer storage to oblige drag of their bon tons daily progress and performance. Continentals way team holds an operations meeting every morning to sauceruss how their caller-out is performing in regards to the entropy collected by their active selective information warehousing program. The solicitude team believes, you hindq uarterst manage what you dejectiont measure, so they use active selective information warehousing to keep track of their customers experience while using Continental Airlines.The information that the management team uses to analyze their participation in regards to customer relationship is on-time arrival, on-time departures, luggage handling, and other lynchpin performance indicators. Continental also uses active entropy warehousing for gross management, revenue accounting, flight operations, fraud detection and respiratory tract security. Continental restructured their goals to try to move customers favored airline to use. They use their active data warehousing to gain as much information around the companys performance as headspring as the customers experience.They use this real-time warehousing program to interpret information that is provided and make changes that go forth break away improve their customers experience and help Continental better gibe their handicr aft in regards to their customers penurys. 2. In what ways does real-time data warehousing fit with the Continental scheme and plans? Continental Airlines decided to shift their strategy once they went from worst to first. The new goal that they wanted to achieve was making the move from first to favorite. Continentals new strategy and plan of becoming their customers favorite airline could only(prenominal) be achieved by using real-time data warehousing. Continental made plans to become the favorite airline and their strategy tangled making line of descent decisions based on information they receive from real-time data warehousing such as on-time arrival, on-time departures, baggage handling, and other key performance indicators. This information gives the Continental management team the necessary information needed to make corrections or changes in methodicalness to better their customers experience while using Continental Airlines.Continentals strategy and plans to become the favorite airline would be much harder to accomplish without real-time data warehousing. They need this information in order to realize what parts of their company need to be tweaked to keep the customer happy. Without real-time data warehousing Continental wouldnt be able to achieve their goal of pitiable from first to favorite. 3. Describe the derives of real-time data warehousing at Continental. real-time data warehousing has allowed Continental to make significant changes to its business in a variety of ways.According to Continentals president and COO Larry Kellner, real-time BI is critical to the accomplishment of our business strategy and has created significant business gains. There is a wide-range of benefits that Continental has gained from real-time or active data storage store in the categories of marketing, corporate security, IT, and revenue management. One key benefit in the marketing field is the average increase of travel amongst Continentals most valuabl e customers, approximately $800 per customer (35,000 customers).A central benefit in is that all employees have the ability to access important facts and information about its customers and the business in its entirety. This in turn allowed Continental to offend passenger reservations and flight manifests by cross-referencing with the FBIs watch list only hours about the 9/11 attacks, deciding if it was safe to fly. Above all, Continental has recognized over $500 million of cost saving and revenue generation (tracking and forecasting, fare objectives and analysis, and full reservation analysis) due to the advantages of the business intelligence. . What elements of the data warehousing environment at Continental are necessary to support the extensive end-user business intelligence application suppuration that occurs? There are numerous elements of the data warehousing environment at Continental that are necessary in the support of the extensive end-user BI application development that takes place. Two important elements that are necessary to discuss are the remainss scalability and data security. Since the real-time data warehousing storage warehouse never gets rid of information, the count of data increases exponentially over time.Additionally, with the development of BI application, the number of uses ordain also increase. To deal with the amount of custom and data, the data warehouse at Continental should have scalability which allows the data warehouse to expand the accessible disc space and by means ofput. The Continental excogitate team took this into account when going through the architecture design of the warehouse. The other element that is important to take help of is data security. Data security is extremely important when a company handles customer information and individualized data.Continentals warehouse stores all of the customers information that can be accessed by other users in order to gain the data that they need. The customers can rest assured knowing that their personal information (i. e. social security numbers and credit card numbers) are protected from being opened by any users that are non authorized to view this sensitive information. 5. What redundant issues about data warehouse management (e. g. , data capture and loading for the data warehouse (ETL processes) and head workload balancing) does this case suggest occur for real-time data warehousing? How has Continental addressed these issues?Real-time data warehousing creates some special issues that need to be solved by data warehouse management. These can create issues because of the extensive goodity that is involved for not only think the system, but also managing problems as they arise. Two aspects of the BI system that need to be organized in order to elude any technical problems are the architecture design and query workload balancing. Architecture design is important because when a company is progressively receiving business and differ ent aspects of the customers usage of the company changes the warehouse needs to frequently be updated.Continental planned for the company to use real-time data warehousing so they structured the design to accommodate for the demand of real-time information. The information then became easier to update the warehouse in a timely personal manner. Query workload balancing is some other important aspect of the warehouse that needed to be addressed in order to fulfill Continentals need to use the warehouse for tactical and strategical purposes. Continental would run into issues of backed up query processing in their warehouse if query workload balancing wasnt introduced.The queries would be process in a first in first out system and would essentially cause backups. Continental resolved this issue by making the warehouse process queries according to the query type. They set up the warehouse to process the specific queries that access single records first and marked them with risque precedence. Then they prioritized other queries to either be marked with medium priority or low priority depending on what information they are petition for and for what reason its needed.Continentals utilization of using prioritized groupings of queries has led them to be able to process information in a timely manner that is most convenient for the person trying to access this information. (Information regarding the case as well not sure which one you wanted so I included both) There are two issues that the case study suggests in terms of data management. The first is to recognize that some data cannot and should not be real-time, for three reasons. The first is that Continental knows that real-time data track down are hard to administer because the constant flow of transaction data must always be supervised.The second reason is the need for especial(a) hardware. The last reason Continental is extremely cautious with the movement of supererogatory data is because real-time dat a feed is extremely costly to plant about. The second issue Continental deals with when it comes to data warehouse management is having the good people in the right positions. Anny individual who handles any aspect of a real-time warehouse must be highly qualified and internal in both technology and business.According to the case study, At Continental, data warehouse staff members in the more technical positions (e. g. , design of ETL processes) have degrees in computer science. Some of them previously built and maintained reservation systems in front they joined the warehouse team. Consequently, they have experience with transaction oriented, real-time systems, which serves them well for real-time BI and data warehousing. The warehouse team members who work almost with the business units have previous work experience in the business areas they now support.

Price Adjustment

Question 3 Compute a gross sales dollar base index for Midwest Sales, Inc. , to analyze the following note cost information, and prepare a memo to management. Answer draw draw Question 4 Analyze the following cost data for product B. What are the implications of these data for management? Chart these data. Calculate the representeme indices as a relationship to the cost sales. crossroad B Quality categories as a lot of Quality Cost Answer draw trap CoQ graph draw close in From the data above, the management team give know how much they have spending in station to purport a high quality product.From here, the company must rearrange their payoff planning in order to produce a high quality product without putting an extra budget. Analyze the cost data from alphabet Corp. What are the implications of these data for management? How do these data differ from those in problem 4? Answer drawframe drawframe drawframe Based on the three pie charts above, it eject be clearly seen t hat the total quality cost of non conformance (internal and external failure) can be reduced by increasing the conformance cost (appraisal and prevention) until it reached the best cost per good unit of product.It means that the company can solo increase the conformance cost until certain limit in order to reduce the non conformance cost. When the conformance cost increase so much, it allow result the increasing of non conformance cost as shown in Product C. Hence, the management needs to consider the cost by analyzing the profits found on the data that they got. Question 7 Prepare a graph or chart showing the different quality cost categories and percentage for the Great Plates Printing Company. Answer drawframe

Macbeth †Study Guide †Act I Essay

1.Why is Scotland at war at the opening of the play?Scotland is at war at the opening of the play because Mackdonwald, a rebel, was trying to destroy Dun fucking and agree a deal with the King of Nor charge.2.What three predictions do the witches make in Scene 3?-Macbeth will be Thane of Glamis-He will be Thane of Cawdor-He will be King of Scotland.3.Who is named heritor to the Scottish throne?Malcom is named heir to the Scottish throne since he is King Duncans oldest son.4.What is the double self-reliance that makes Macbeth hesitate to violent death Duncan?In Macbeths first soliloquy, he expresses his doubts some murdering the king. Among the reasons he should not kill the king argon his double baffle as kinsman (countryman) and subject, which should make him oppose the deed he is contemplating.5.How do the murderers architectural plan to implicate Duncans grooms?They will smear the blood of Duncan on the quiescence chamberlains to cast the guilt upon them.6.What atmosphere and tone are created in the rook opening scene?Macbeth opens with a scene which creates an atmosphere of foreboding and introduces the cruel powers which are about to tempt Macbeth to his ruin. The tone of this scene is evil and intimidating.7.When we are first introduced to Macbeth by the nobleman to Duncan, what is the readers initial feel?The readers initial impression when we are first introduced to Macbeth by the nobleman to Duncan, is a good one regarding Macbeth. Duncan and the nobleman make us picture Macbeth as a brave, victorious general who knew what to do and who relieve Scotland from losing the battle. Macbeth seems loyal to his King, Duncan8.In what ways is Banquo lesser than Macbeth, and greater?Banquo is lesser than Macbeth meaning potentially since Macbeth is the King and has more power, only when he (Banquo) is greater than Macbeth, not as happy as him, yet happier9.What impression do you form of brothel keeper Macbeth lay out I?Lady Macbeth has a passion o f ambition. Her disposition is high, proud, and commanding. We acknowledge in her no love of country, and no interest in the eudaimonia of anyone outside her family. Her habitual thoughts and aims are, and, we imagine, long have been, all of station and power. She supports and loves Macbeth but does not overshadow her husband.10.How is Macbeth feeling in his soliloquy in the starting time of Scene 7? What is his state of mind?Macbeths soliloquy shows that he shrinks from the murder of Duncan his wife, however, forces him into mouldion with her taunt that he is a coward. His fear foreshadows the way that his deeds will eventually come back to haunt him.11.Shakespeare ends Act One with Macbeth and Lady Macbeth plotting the murder of Duncan.a.How exactly do they plan to kill him?While Duncan sleeps, she will give his chamberlains wine to make them drunk, and then she and Macbeth can slip in and murder Duncan.b.What is the dramatic effect of concluding the act by letting us see the m urder plot as it crystallizes?Will he or wont he? earshot is kept in a state of dramatic tension and perplexity

Whale Riders Film Analysis

When choosing a film for this assignment, my original choice was crouch It Like Beckham because I had comprehend of it and I had a general brain what it was about. I then decided that I wanted to lay down on a more ch whollyenging film, one that I had never heard of, and one that I would genuinely have to study to under put forward its in effect(p) meaning. After looking into a few of the listed movies, I ended up choosing Whale Rider, a drama filmed in New Zealand in 2002. After watching the movie two times, I looking that I now understand some of the more drastic cultural and sexual practice based problems that are occurring today.The films plot follows the story of Paikea Apirana, yet she goes by the design Pai in the film. Pai is a 12-year-old girl who is the only re importanting child in the line of the folkss chiefly succession after the death of her twin crony and mother when she was born. By tradition, the attracter of the kindred should be the first-born son, o r a call descendant of Pais family. Yet because there is no direct male descendant, Pais grandfather Koro Apirana has to find the next male leader amongst their tribe.Koro is the current leader of the tribe and has to set up a serial publication of tasks that are required to compel the next leader of the tribe. Unfortunately, Pai is female and technically standnot inherit the leadership. Throughout the movie, Pais grandmother Nanny Flowers encourages her to train equitable as the boys of the tribe do to hopefully convince her grandfather to construct her the new leader. One of the final tasks to be named the tribe leader is to as certain(prenominal) a whales tooth from the sea by riding the linchpin of a whale out to sea, hence the name of the film creation Whale Rider.After watching this film, I feel that the director Niki Caro is seek to explore the ways that gender and power are exemplified in certain cultures slightly the world. I feel that the main example from this film involves the main character Pai world female and how that limits what she can and cannot do in her tribe. The tribes past history has constantly told them that a male should be leader and that females are to never be in power in any way, shape, or form. When the young boys are readiness with Koro to hopefully become the next descendent to be leader of the tribe, Pai is still not allowed to take part in the steadyts.I feel that gender issues are in addition present in the everyday life of people all around the world, not just in this particular small tribe. It is a turn out fact that in America, the average wage of men is higher than the average wage of women. Men also tend to hold higher bearings in various labor industries across the country. Gender discrimination has always been a major issue in numerous societies around the world, yet many feminists groups around the world are slowly making the issue diminish. another(prenominal) aspect of the film that Niki Caro ex plores is the way the power and domination affects the lives of anyone in a given society.In the film, Pais grandfather Koro exerts his power over Pai by informing her that she will never be leader of the tribe payable to her gender. Throughout the film he continuously tells her that she is the reason that the tribe whitethorn be at its final downfall. even though she did nothing wrong, her being female shake offs her grandfather feel let down. Koro is in charge of everything that the people of the tribe do on a regular basis. He is the mortal who makes all of the decisions and take fors all events. The presence of his power makes him seem like more of an intimidating figure who can control the lives of others.This leads to my first concept from our knowledge that was illustrated in Whale Rider which is Ideology of Patriarchy, or the structural assurance of men that is built into the institutions of society. Whale Rider exemplified the Ideology of Patriarchy suddenly becaus e of how Koro ran his tribe. For generations, this tribe was always told that a man is to be the leader. When Pai is the only stay family descendent, Koro becomes aggravated because she is female and will not be able to deliver on the tradition of men as leaders.As the movie progresses, you fetch to notice that Koro is slowly starting to accept the fact that maybe his granddaughter is vista to be a leader of their tribe. This leads to the second concept that I feel was expressed which is the idea of identification and the extent to which an individual is likely to make a decision that aligns with governmental objectives. When Koro originally has the feeling that Pai is not desirable to be leader, he is under the impression that he has to find someone outside of the family to take over his role once he passes.He soon profits that the real thing that he should be focusing on is keeping the leader role in the family. Identification is accomplished by accepting the importance of fa mily and what it means to be true and respecting of those who are circumferent to you in your life. The theory of identification also carries over to idea of the control that Koro has over his tribe. When Koro initially begins scouting young boys around the tribe in order to find his next leader, he set up training and a series of tasks each person needed to succeed with.Koro exerts what is my three concept of concertive control, or when explicit written rules are replaced by harsh understanding of valuates, objectives, and means of achievement, along with a deep appreciation for the organizations mission. During Koros training of the young boys, Pai was secretly training with her uncle who knows all of the ways of fighting and training needed to succeed. When Pai defeats a young savant of Koros in a fight, Koro becomes very upset but begins to realize that she may be the most suitable for the leader role.Koro eventually understands that the value of keeping the leadership role in the family is the most important objective, even if the descendant is female. This leads to the final concept that the film expresses which is the role of gender in society and the different aspects of how gender is treated in this particular tribe. From our readings, we lettered that gender is socially constructed depending on the societys specific views and morals. In this tribe, females are not able to hold any type of leadership role. We also learned that gender is learned and performed.Typical themes of femininity could be classified as sensitive, caring, beautiful, and in some cases accept negative treatment. Even though Pai had always grown up learning what it meant to be a girl and a woman, she had to learn certain aspect of masculinity in order to become leader of the tribe. She had to learn how to fight, how to train, and how hold a position of power of a group of people. Pai was able to show her family and the people of her tribe that a female can do anything a male can do and do it just as successfully. Whale Rider taught me a lot of different aspects the ways that people treat others in society.I have never agreed with the idea that men can always do things better than women, but this film really pressed that into my mind. I now have a whole new appreciation for feminists and everything that they stand for. Women have the uniform rights that men do and should be given the same amount of opportunities in life. I feel that Whale Rider was a great film that was able to show the viewers how power and control really affects people. This film was the perfect way to show the world what it really means to stick up for yourself and fight for what you believe in.

Study Guideline

How to write your hire plan You argon much than just a grade report sheet, and the discover plan naval division of your application is your chance to tell us or so yourself. Personal educational activitys are not easy to write, and require substantial planning. Entry to Tsukuba is highly competitive, so spending clip on writing the best personal statement possible is important. Plan Were interested in why you chose this course, at Tsukuba, and Japan. Ask yourself why did I choose to study this major? Why are you interested in this subject? Is there a particular(prenominal) topic within this field which interests you? perplex you studied this before? What do you expect from the program and from the university? Are you aiming to become qualified for a item job? Why did I choose Tsukuba, rather than another G30 university? Have you investigated the other G30 universities? What was it that attracted you to Tsukuba specifically? Why do I want to study in Japan? Do you have some s pecial appendage to Japan or Japanese culture? What are my long-term goals, and how does analyse in Tsukuba help me reach those goals? Do you want to go on to a Masters degree or PhD? Do you want to oblige for in Japan after graduation?What makes me a stand-out candidate? Do you have some special skills or passions which make you a more(prenominal) interesting person? What personal qualities do you possess which make you a good choice for this program? Write Drafts You should have a raft of information on paper by now. That information has to be organised and a draft (or two or three) of your study plan ordain have to be create verbally. Use separate paragraphs for separate sections, and try to confabulate a logical structure on your writing. Think carefully about how you want to structure your personal statement.Try to be concise when writing your study plan. The use of concrete examples can help you express yourself clearly. We appreciate that side is some applicants s econd language. However, please try your best not to make spelling errors and use correct grammar and punctuation. Keep your sentences short and simple. Get Feedback Finally, when youve written your draft, we suggest giving it a few days and re-reading it. Ask for teachers, parents or friends to read it over and give honest feedback. Give yourself plenty of time to work through numerous versions of your draft, until you are completely happy.

How to be a good student Essay

To become a heartfelt student, you need to get motivated Motivation can come from sightedness the situation of many poor children around the world who are non lucky enough to get a proper education. This is a untroubled thing to keep in mind when you find yourself not lacking(p) to attend set or study at home. Another intellect to get motivated to study is that you testament enjoy a go bad quality of life as an educated person. You can go to educational websites, like this one, and surf them with interest.You must not force yourself to study, as this will make learning a chore and you will not find oneself like even opening your books. You will have many academically right-hand(a) students in your courses. Try becoming friends with them (or encourage your current friends to be discover students), and youll be immersed in an academic environment which will religious service you heart motivated Above all, you need confidence For that, we need to feel that we are working f or ourselves and not for others Good luckChapter 2 compactness On StudiesConcentration follows eagerness. This section provides you with the basics of Concentration and also provides you with advice as to how to get aroused with concentration. You need to pay attention in a class. Dont start chatting with your peers/friends when the teacher turns their back to you. Even better dont associate with distracting people. You should realize that the people in your class play an important role in how everybody progresses. However, if you are a good student you will do better and achieve your goals. Your friends will be there for you at that time, if they are trustful and of a good reputation.At home, study and do your homework in a place that doesnt make you sleep. It is advisable to have a dedicated study delay or desk. Dont do your study work on the bed or in front of the TV, radio, stereo, etc. That would be lazy because you are meant to be thinking about your studies.

Dbq Protestant Reformation

Protestant renewal The Protestant Reformation took place in Germany in the 16th century. During this time, popish Catholic perform had a brood of power, and a priest cal guide Martin Luther notice their abuse of power. He decided to show people how the church was abusing of its power. He started by criticizing the cut-rate sale of indulgences, and how priests, cardinals and even the pontiff did not mention the teachings of the Bible. To strike hard the church building, Luther wrote the 95 Theses and translated the Bible into German.This way, people could see how the papistic Catholic Church was not following the teachings of God. This caused a great controversy in Europe. He was accused of heretic and excommunicated from the Catholic Church. But some Germans, mostly peasants simply also a few nobles, liked his teachings and hold with him. The Holy Roman Emperor told German princes to kill Luther, further instead, they decided to convert to Protestantism and follow Luther. The Emperor Charles V and the princes finally agreed that each German express was able to choose their own religion.This series of events are called the Protestant Reformation. The Protestant Reformation had governmental and well-disposed impacts in Europe by promoting the humor of religious freedom, increasing the power of monarchs, and deal outing of the view of compare. One of the do of the Protestant Reformation was the promotion of religious freedom. After this Reformation, each German State could choose which religion to practice. This treaty was concreted in the Peace of Augsburg in 1555. It was signed by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and the German princes. 15.In order to bring peace to the Holy Roman Empire of the Germanic Nation let them (each German State) enjoy their religious belief, liturgy and ceremonies. (Document 6) This enter shows the place of the contract where the Holy Roman Emperor and German princes agreed in having a religious freedom in each Stat e. This do Europe had more than just a religion. During this time, there was not a Religious unity between German States within themselves and neither with the delay of Europe. Other very important effect of the Protestant Reformation was the increase of power of the monarchs.During the 16th century, the Roman Catholic Church had a lot of power. Not many monarchs were happy with their excess of power. With the Protestant Reformation, some monarchs power saw the perfect opportunity to stop sharing power with the Roman Catholic Church. One example is King enthalpy octette of England. the kings Majesty is and ought to be the supreme head of the Church of England. (Document 5) This is an excerpt interpreted from The Act of Supremacy, a Parliamentary Act from 1534. King Henry VIII decided to break apart from the Roman Catholic Church, and this way, drive domineering power in England.Being the politic and religious leader allowed him to spend slight money and at the same time g ain more. All the income from the Church was now his, and he did not have to pay this entity any taxes. Henry did not have to share the power with anyone else he was now an arbitrary ruler. Another impact the protestant Reformation had in Europe was the spread of the idea of equality. Catholicism already had this idea of all people being the same, but clearly they were not putting it into practice. Not even the pontiff, who should have been a role model, was being humble and he even tangle superior to the rest.In Luthers 95 Theses he says, 86. Why does not the Pope build just this one church of St. Peter with his own money, or else than with the money of poor believers? (Document 2) This thesis says that the Pope should not be avid and take money from the poor. He should instead give his money to the poor. Luther says that the Pope is not superior from the rest of the believers and should contribute economically to the Church, just as the rest of the people did. Another of h is theses says, 37. Every True Christian has part in all the blessings of Christ and the Church . (Document 2) In this specific thesis, Luther is criticizing the sale of indulgences. He says that there? s no need to buy indulgences because every Christian, rich or poor, is the same to the eyes of God. One should do bully actions, rather than buying indulgences, to go to heaven, and these actions should be done by the universal people, the priests and even the Pope. The Protestant Reformation clearly had religious impacts on Europe, but it also had social and governmental effects. Even though Luther criticized the Roman Catholic Church, his ideas were used by political figures to be able to get free of the oppression of the Church.The promotion of the religious freedom is both a political and a social impact. The division from the Church and the German States is political, while the dexterity to choose which religion to practice is social. The increase of the power of the monar chs is a political impact. The fact that Henry VIII was the religious and political leader in England meant he had absolute power. The spread of the idea of equality is social because it performer to say common people are the same as the Pope. These social and political changes later lead to many things that are used nowadays.The idea of religious freedom is an idea that remains nowadays. Today, every person has the slump to choose its religion, not like before which was every State. The idea of equality between all people was an idea that was used in the french Revolution and of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizens. The increase in the power of the monarchs led to the later Age of Absolutism. These three ideas shaped the knowledge base into what it is today. They helped make the world be what it is today.

Mystic Monk Coffee Case Analysis Essay

underground Monk java is a society established by Father Daniel bloody shame, the Prior of the Carmelite redact of monks in Clark, Wyoming. The monks atomic number 18 a group of 13 living in a modest home. Coffee gross revenue ar used to support the sum and to finally prepargon for expansion of the order. Coffee is produced using high grapheme fair trade Arabica and fair trade/organic Arabica beans. at that place are many popular flavors such as Mystical Chants of Carmel, Cowboy Blend, purple Rum Pe stinkpot, and Mystic Monk Blend. The companys traditional taper market has been the segment of the U.S. Catholic population who soak ups coffee berry tree bean and supports the monasterys mission. pains AnalysisThe approximate number of coffee consumers in the United verbalize is 150 million and 89 percent of those drinkers prefer to make coffee at home or else than procure from franchises. Of the consumers who drink coffee at home, approximately 30 percent prefer prem ium specialty coffees that change for $7 to $10 per 12-ounce package. These coffees are do from high quality Arabica beans rather that low quality, bitter Arabica beans. Mystic Monk Coffee is among the distributors that produces a higher(prenominal) quality product.Company MissionThe current mission is to produce a high quality product that is marketed to the segment of the U.S. catholic population who drink coffee and wish to support the monasterys mission. The monks make their appeal by asking the Catholics to use their Catholic coffee dollar for Christ and his Catholic church. This is published on the website.Company ObjectiveMystic Monk Coffee has a primary goal of transforming the small brotherhood of 13 monks line drive in the small home to include accommodations for 30 monks. There is a property in the Rockies with an asking impairment of $8.9 million. The monks currently have a donation of $250,000 and a plan to raise the remainder of the funds. There are currently more (prenominal) than 500 inquiries who want to be considered to become a Wyoming Carmelite and Father Prior Daniel Mary wished to accept a get few when he is able to expand.Company StrategyThe company principally uses word of mouth as a means of sales and sum up of revenue. Sales are generated primarily from online orders. Mystic Monk also offers non-secular websites commissions on sales made to customers directed to the website. The website and its affiliates dish out the company to earn a net profit margin average 11 percent of revenues. swotStrengths* The price is reasonable. The average premium brand coffee is sold for $7 to $10 dollars per 12 ounce package. Mystic Monk Coffee averages $9.95 per 12 ounce bag and all purchases over $25 qualifies for free shipping. * The monks are dedicated to making the coffee. Everyone at the company has the same goal and this is to barely the revenue of the company in hopes of expanding to better serve God.Weaknesses* The Carmelite Order curr ently has the doing power of 540 pounds per day and the demand will soon exceed the exertion capacity. The production is also limited due to solicitation and meditation throughout the day. * Advertisement is primarily by word of mouth. There are consumers who would try the coffee because it is of high quality and good price but do non know about it.Opportunity* with the sale of its coffee, the Carmelite Monks may realize their dream of get the Irma Lake Ranch. * Donations made by individual supporters will help to fund the purchase of the land. * elaborateness of the brotherhood through the purchase of a larger parcel of land. curse* Some people may not purchase the coffee because of the spiritual affiliation. * The price of the coffee may cast up after the purchase of bare-ass land.*FINANCIALS NOT AVAILABLEProblem ScopeThe Carmelite Monks of Wyoming would like to purchase a ranch that would gravidly ontogenesis its operations. The order currently has 13 monks working to produce coffee for sale and has a production capacity of 540 pounds per day. The company is sustainable because the monks have a specific goal in mind and all are on the same page when toilsome to reach the goal of the purchase. I selected this problem because although the company makes great sales, sales will not be enough to purchase the land. The company does not effectively advertise itself and will need to improve advertisement to increase sales. Problem The mission of the company is tied to the vision of the company. Father Daniel Mary realizes that the monastery environment is a unique challenge to the business because of the limited hours of production and also the limited access to the outside world. Although the monks are highly secluded, they serve to sell their coffee although it is mainly sold to Catholic believers.Solution Mystic Monk Coffee can begin to be offered in small shops in the United States. I would not recommend supermarkets at this clipping because of the limitations of production. As sales increase, revenue generated from increased sales will help with the purchase of new property and the coffee can then be offered in a limited amount of supermarkets. With the purchase of new land, on that point will also be an increase in labor and production with the addition of new monks to the order.Problem Mystic Monk Coffee has a target market of the U.S. Catholic population who drank coffee and wished to support the monasterys mission. Solution Mystic Monk Coffee should expand its target market. It can do this by targeting not only Catholics but all coffee drinkers in the U.S. who value price and quality. Most people enjoy a good cup of inexpensive coffee. The emphasis should not be on the support of the monasterys mission but should focus on great coffee for a reasonable price. By doing this, the Monks would increase sales and eventually be able to purchase a larger property.ChallengesThe monks may impression they are compromising the ir beliefs by focusing more on the coffee than their stated religious mission. If the monks focus on the fact that they are caterpillar track a company that will eventually generate the sales ask to further their mission, this may ease the feelings. The monks may also want to increase their order by two to increase production and earn more money.SummaryAlthough Mystic Monk Coffee has a unique knack of variables, they will be successful in increasing sales and purchasing the land.

Human Resource Law Essay

This paper go out show that this scenario provides a case for sexuality dissimilarity. sex secernment is illegal under appellation sevener (Bennett-Alexander & deoxyadenosine monophosphate Hartman, 2007). In addition, this paper will show what legal and ethical issues arise in this case. Furthermore, this paper will show what Bob should do in this case. By using the female person employee versus the male employee to serve the customer the follow would be in impact of Title cardinal for sex discrimination. Title VII laws regarding gender cover the full scope of the employment relationship which describes that gender whitethorn non be the basis of any decision link up to employment unless gender is used as a bona fide occupational talent (BFOQ). Customer preference is non a legitimate and protected savvy to treat otherwise qualified employees differently ground on gender.Additionally, supplying the female employee to suffice the customer over the male employee would be in violation of the stores rotation form _or_ system of government. The policy states that each working day, twain employees work in the store single working the front and angiotensin converting enzyme working the back. Rotation occurs on a daily basis in order to disperse fits fairly. Since this is smart set policy, there is no flexibility to flip that policy and to rotation schedule clearly states that it is the male employees bout to earn thrill. Discrimination based on gender is illegal and not in keeping with good crease practices of efficiency, maximizing resources, and avoiding unnecessary liability.Title VII IssuesDiscrimination comes in all shapes and sizes, and tutors have to be painstaking not to cross the line and do the wrong thing. Companies do not want lawsuits for discrimination or anything else. The stores best customer, Imelda,  belike did not intend to offend anyone nor did she probably know that she was discriminating against anyone. many car tridge clips discrimination is not intended. Customers generally believe they are eternally right and get what they want. However, in this instance the customer is genuinely wrong. Requesting a female employee over a male employee is a form of discrimination, gender discrimination. Gender discrimination is illegal under Title VII (Bennett-Alexander & Hartman, 2007).If Bob asks tom to step aside and allow Mary to incite Imelda with her purchases, he will be in violation of Title VII and stinker be held liable to the employee for gender discrimination. Customer preference is not a legitimate and protected reason to treat otherwise-qualified employees differently based on gender (Bennett-Alexander & Hartman, 2007, p. 283). Legally and ethically, Manager Bob cannot flip employees gobbler and Mary simply because Imelda wants it.ChoiceThis is not an easy situation. On one hand, the customer is promising to buy five pairs of slips if she gets a female employee to help her. Th is would be a huge purchase for the store, enormous for the profit margin as easily as a plumping commission for the employee. On the other hand, not providing a female employee may denote a missed sale, Imelda may leave the store. Swapping employees would cheat tom turkey out of his commission. This would be unethical. tomcat deserves his commission he should not be asked or told to leave this up. The Shoe Store has very clear company policies. Company policy does not allow two employees to split the commission (UOPX, 2013, para. 5). As stated previously, having Tom give up his commission would not be fair. Company policy rotates employees to keep commissions as fair and jibe as possible (UOPX, 2013, para. 5).Manager Bob will need to explicate to Imelda as nicely and calmly as possible that he is very sorry, but cannot provide her with a female employee. Bob should promise Imelda that Tom is a very nice man and that she will be in very capable hands ensure her that Tom knows shoes and will treat her and her feet right. Bob should smile and guarantee her that she will be contented with the service she receives. Bob should apologize for the problem, explain that he contacted his regional manager to see if he could make an exception to company policy this time and was told no, and explain that the company risks a discrimination lawsuit. Finally, tell Imelda that he understands if she chooses to computer storage elsewhere today and apologize again. Bob should not get into an design with the customer it is out of the stores control.In any production line, a written policy can avoid or prevent lawsuits. The shoe store mountain range has clearly open that the rotation of two employees daily or weekly will occur in the store to create fairness in commission gross revenue. In addition, if only two employees are present one works in the back of the store and the other works in front, this clearly creates fairness of commissions earned (pay), good busi ness ethics practice. workings in sales requires a lot of personal judgment from a company representative. By its nature, the job relies heavily on social relationships and on persuasion. Sales people also usually work on commission if they do not make the sale, they lose cash. In the wrong hands, these elements can lead to unethical behavior, causing undue pressure on customers or vendors. Ethical behavior and doing the place or right thing is at the forefront for salespeople today. Subsequently ethical performance is an individual process and learning development related issues are definitive. Salespeople require guidelines on ethical, suitableity and discrimination issues.The guidelines should be formulated and clearly communicated to help employees to effectively deal with situations of equal pay, fairness, and or discrimination whenever the need arises. Job performance, employee mirth and customer satisfaction will prevail with knowledge and understanding of employment la ws (Bennett-Alexander & Hartman, 2007). What has head the ethical issues is the set of standards the company has worked out from human reason by which the human actions to switch Mary for Tom is ultimately creating wrong business ethics. Trading assign duties between sales and costs will not mix. The maximum concern for sales cannot go hand-in- with maximum concern for employees. Furthermore, the shoe store business has added structure to the business by creating this policy.If the manager deviates from the established policy, Bob will create unfair treatment or discrimination based on gender, which could result in a lawsuit. After Imelda mild her request that she wanted a female employee Bob was to enforce the companys policies to avoid a potential lawsuit. Bob did what was necessary to declare Imelda the companys polices and have Tom assist her with trying on shoes. Bob knows the company will lose money because of the sales preoccupied from this one client however, the ethical issue arises to do what is fair and correct according the shoe store policy. If Bob makes the switch and has Mary assist Imelda instead of Tom, Bob has violated the discrimination law-Title VII (gender) as well has violating the equal pay law (Bennett-Alexander & Hartman, 2007). The decision is allow Tom to assist Imelda and loose the extra sales. In future, the suggestion to Imelda would be to dumbfound at the store when a female worker is working the cornerstone or to come in the store to see who is working the sales floor without putting the manager in the position to make compromises. final stageDiscrimination issues can get many companies into trouble. Knowing the law is important for any manager. When questions arise that cannot be answered easily, ask for help. Title VII does not allow discrimination because of gender, meaning a man cannot be treat differently from a female and vice versa. In this case, all must be treated equally. Company policy will not allow Tom and Mary to split the commission and asking Tom to give up his commission would be illegal. Imelda will need to make her take in decision whether to shop at the Shoe Store and allow Tom to assist her or leave for some other store or until another day. The company must do what is right, what is legal. The store must treats its employees properly and do what is legal and ethical. Whereas Imelda may not be happy, the company cannot do anything that may bring a lawsuit against them.ReferencesBennett-Alexander, D. D., & Hartman, P. L. (2007). Employment law for business (5th ed.). New York, NY McGraw-Hill. University of Phoenix (UOPX). (2013). Week Three. Retrieved from University of Phoenix,